The Ultimate Guide to Greek Wines

Greek wine is as old as Western civilisation itself, with a history stretching back more than 4,000 years. From the symposiums of ancient Athens to the boutique wineries of today, wine has always been woven into the country’s culture, diet, and rituals, making Greece a top wine-producing country with national significance. Thanks to its diverse terroir, countless indigenous grape varieties, and a climate that balances sunshine with sea breezes, Greece produces wines of exceptional character and complexity. In ancient times, Greek wine was highly regarded and traded across the Mediterranean, earning a reputation for prestige together with Italy, with both countries playing key roles in the history of Mediterranean wine. This guide will introduce you to the key regions, varieties, and styles that make Greek wine truly unique.

Introduction to Greek Wine

Greek wine is a living link to the ancient world, with a winemaking tradition that stretches back over 4000 years. Archaeological discoveries reveal that wine was an integral part of Greek culture, celebrated in myth, ritual, and daily life. Today, Greece stands as one of the oldest wine-producing countries, yet its wines are only now gaining the global recognition they deserve. Modern Greek wine offers exceptional value and a remarkable range of styles, from the full-bodied red wines of Nemea and Naoussa to the crisp, refreshing whites of the Peloponnese, northern Greece, and Crete. Whether you’re drawn to the rich, layered reds or the lively, aromatic whites, Greek wine invites you to explore a world where history, culture, and innovation come together in every glass. With such diversity and depth, there’s a Greek wine to suit every palate and occasion.

The Terroir of Greece

Greece’s landscape is a patchwork of mountains, islands, and coastal plains, offering microclimates that allow grape varieties to thrive in distinctive ways. The volcanic soils of Santorini (To explore these regions firsthand, join a Santorini Wine Tour or discover the volcanic terroir of the island’s legendary Assyrtiko wines through curated tastings and vineyard visits), the high-altitude vineyards of Macedonia, and the sun-drenched slopes of the Peloponnese all contribute to wines that are deeply expressive of their origin. These areas represent a small example of Greece’s most important wine regions, highlighting the diversity and significance of Greek wine regions in producing unique and high-quality wines.

Grape Varieties

Greece’s vineyards are a treasure trove of unique grape varieties, each contributing to the country’s vibrant wine scene. Among the reds, the celebrated Agiorgitiko grape is the backbone of Nemea wine (Visit the vineyards of the Peloponnese and taste this celebrated variety on a Nemea Wine Tasting, where the deep color and full-bodied flavor of Agiorgitiko come to life.), known for its deep color, rich body, and fruity flavors. Other notable red varieties include Xinomavro of Naoussa, and Mandilaria of Crete, both prized for their complexity and ability to produce wines with layers of cherry, spice, and earthy undertones. These red varieties are sometimes blended to create wines with a harmonious balance of fruit and structure.

On the white wine side, Savatiano grapes are widely cultivated, producing wines with medium plus acidity and bright citrus flavors that are both refreshing and food-friendly. Greek winemakers are masters of blending, often combining different grapes to craft wines that showcase a range of aromas and flavors—from crisp citrus and stone fruit to rich, fruity, and floral notes. This diversity makes Greek wine a fascinating and rewarding discovery for enthusiasts eager to explore new tastes and styles.

Wine Production Methods

The art of Greek wine production is as diverse as the country’s landscape. Across Greece, winemakers blend time-honored traditions with modern innovation to create wines of exceptional quality. Traditional methods like aging wine in oak barrels are still cherished, imparting depth and complexity to the finished product. Elsewhere, state-of-the-art wineries use stainless steel tanks to preserve the fresh, vibrant character of the grapes.

A key aspect of Greek wine production is the verification process, which ensures that each wine meets rigorous quality standards and reflects the rich heritage of its region. This commitment to quality is evident in every bottle, whether it comes from a sun-drenched island vineyard or a mountain estate in Central Greece. Greek winemakers share a deep connection to their land, drawing on generations of knowledge and a passion for excellence to produce wines that truly express the spirit of Greece.

White Wines

Retsina: Greece’s Iconic Pine Resin Wine

Retsina is one of the most distinctive and historically significant wines of Greece, with a tradition that stretches back over 3,000 years. Unlike other wines, Retsina is uniquely flavoured with pine resin, a technique originally used to seal amphorae and preserve wine in ancient times. Today, it stands as both a cultural symbol and a versatile companion to Greek cuisine.

History and Origins

The origins of Retsina trace back to classical Greece, when wine was stored in clay amphorae and closed with a stop that was then sealed with pine resin. The resin prevented oxidation and imparted a subtle aromatic character. Over centuries, the style evolved from a preservation method into a beloved regional specialty, particularly in Attica, Euboea, and the islands of the Aegean.

Grapes Used

Modern Retsina is typically made from native Greek white grapes such as Savatiano, Assyrtiko, or Roditis. Savatiano is the most common due to its neutral flavor, which balances the pine resin’s distinctive aroma. Some winemakers also blend in Assyrtiko to add minerality and structure.

Flavor Profile

Retsina has a unique aromatic profile that can take some first-time tasters by surprise:

• Pine Resin: The signature flavor, reminiscent of forest pine, provides freshness and complexity.
• Citrus and herbs: Depending on the grape blend, notes of lemon, green apple, or Mediterranean herbs often shine through.
• Spices: Some Retsina wines also display subtle notes of spices, adding to their complexity and aromatic richness.
• Minerality: Especially in island-grown Retsina, a subtle saline minerality adds elegance and food-friendliness.

Styles and Modern EvolutionHistorically, Retsina was sometimes very resin-heavy, but modern winemakers have refined the style. Contemporary Retsina is lighter, fresher, and more balanced, appealing to international palates while maintaining its traditional character. It is available both as a crisp white and, less commonly, in rosé versions.

Food PairingsRetsina’s bright acidity and resinous character make it exceptionally food-friendly:

• Pairs beautifully with seafood, grilled fish, calamari, and shellfish.
• Complements Greek meze like olives, tzatziki, dolmades, and grilled vegetables.
• Can even accompany richer dishes like lamb or tomato-based stews, where its resin and acidity cut through fat and richness.

Cultural SignificanceRetsina is more than just a wine—it is a symbol of Greek history, hospitality, and everyday life. It appears on tables from casual tavernas to family celebrations, linking modern Greece to its classical past. Tourists often encounter Retsina as their first Greek wine, offering a memorable and authentic taste of the country’s vinous heritage.

Why Try Retsina

Retsina is unlike any other wine in the world. Its aromatic pine resin character, combined with the crispness of Greek white grapes, creates a uniquely refreshing and versatile wine. Whether enjoyed with traditional Greek cuisine or sipped on its own while watching a sunset over the Aegean, Retsina embodies centuries of Greek culture, history, and winemaking artistry.

Other Greek whites are celebrated for their freshness, minerality, and food-friendly nature.

While Assyrtiko may be the superstar of Greek whites, the country’s true strength lies in its remarkable diversity of indigenous grape varieties. Greece cultivates more than 300 native grape varieties, many of which are white, offering a wide spectrum of styles—from crisp and mineral-driven to aromatic and full-bodied. Here are some of the most important and distinctive varieties:

1. Assyrtiko (Ασύρτικο)Native to Santorini, Assyrtiko (PDO Santorini) produces wines of piercing acidity and minerality. Known for their longevity and ability to age, these wines often showcase citrus, stone fruit, and saline notes. Assyrtiko is also used in blends across mainland Greece.

2. Moschofilero (Μοσχοφίλερο)From the Peloponnese (PDO Mantinia), this pink-skinned grape yields aromatic, floral wines with rose, citrus blossom, and spice. Light and refreshing, it’s ideal for summer drinking and pairs beautifully with Mediterranean cuisine.

3. Roditis (Ροδίτης)Widespread in central and southern Greece, Roditis (PDO Patras)is versatile and used in both varietal wines and blends. Typically crisp and light-bodied, it can deliver everything from easy-drinking whites to more structured styles when grown at higher altitudes.

4. Malagousia (Μαλαγουζιά)Once nearly extinct, Malagousia has been revived and is now one of the most celebrated Greek whites. Highly aromatic, with notes of peach, citrus, herbs, and exotic fruit, it produces expressive wines with both freshness and complexity.

5. Athiri (Αθήρι)An ancient Aegean grape, Athiri makes delicate, fruity wines with soft acidity and flavors of pear, apple, and citrus. It is often used in blends, particularly with Assyrtiko, and is common in the Dodecanese islands.

6. Vidiano (Βιδιανό)Hailing from Crete, Vidiano is considered a rising star. It produces elegant, medium-bodied wines with stone fruit, citrus, and herbal character. Its balance of freshness and richness has led many to call it the “new face” of Cretan whites.

“To taste Vidiano and other local varieties directly from the source, explore our Heraklion Wine Tours or Chania Wine Tasting Tours — the perfect way to discover Crete’s emerging wine scene.”

7. Robola (Ρομπόλα)Native to Kefalonia in the Ionian Islands, Robola makes lively, mineral-driven wines with citrus zest and floral hints. Often compared to Italian whites, it shines when grown on the island’s limestone-rich soils.

8. Savatiano (Σαββατιανό)Traditionally used for retsina, Savatiano is one of Greece’s most widely planted white grapes. In modern winemaking, it produces fresh, unoaked and oaked wines with aromas of apple, pear, and chamomile. When carefully vinified, Savatiano can yield surprisingly complex wines with good ageing potential.

9. Thrapsathiri (Θραψαθήρι)Another Cretan variety, Thrapsathiri is full-bodied, with ripe stone fruit and melon notes, often balanced by herbal undertones. It adapts well to hot climates and produces food-friendly wines.

10. Kydonitsa (Κυδωνίτσα)A rare Peloponnesian grape, its name means “little quince,” reflecting its distinctive aroma. It produces fragrant wines with notes of quince, citrus, and tropical fruit, often vinified in dry or semi-sweet styles.

The Diversity of Greek Whites

Greek white wines range from light, refreshing summer sippers to serious, age-worthy bottles that rival the best of Burgundy or the Loire. With such a wealth of indigenous varieties, Greece offers an endless journey of discovery for wine lovers. Whether you prefer the bracing minerality of Santorini’s Assyrtiko, the aromatic complexity of Malagousia, or the rising stars of Crete like Vidiano, Greek whites deliver authenticity, freshness, and a deep sense of a terroir.

Red Wines

1. Xinomavro (Ξινόμαυρο)The flagship grape of northern Greece, grown mainly in Naoussa, Amyndeon, and Goumenissa. Known as the “Greek Nebbiolo,” Xinomavro offers high acidity, firm tannins, and remarkable ageing potential. Flavors often include red berries, dried tomato, olive, spice, and earthy notes. With age, it develops complex aromas of truffle, leather, and dried fruit.

2. Agiorgitiko (Αγιωργίτικο)The noble red of Nemea in the Peloponnese, Agiorgitiko is versatile and approachable. It produces wines that range from soft and fruity to robust and oak-aged. Typically velvety with notes of plum, cherry, and spice, it pairs beautifully with lamb, beef, and tomato-based dishes.

3. Mavrodaphne (Μαυροδάφνη)Mavrodaphne is one of Greece’s most iconic red wines, historically associated with sweet fortified wines from Patras, and is now vinified into dry reds as well. It’s deeply coloured, with flavours of black fruit, chocolate, dried herbs, and sometimes coffee. The fortified style remains legendary, with notes of raisin, fig, and spice. Winemakers sometimes blend Mavrodaphne with other grapes to create drier styles or enhance complexity.

4. Limniona (Λημνιώνα)A revived ancient variety from Thessaly, Limniona produces elegant, medium-bodied wines with vibrant acidity. It shows flavors of red fruit, herbs, and pepper, often compared to Pinot Noir or Grenache in style.

5. Kotsifali (Κοτσιφάλι)Native to Crete, Kotsifali produces spicy, aromatic reds with soft tannins. Often blended with Mandilaria for structure, Kotsifali shines in modern single-varietal expressions, showing notes of cherry, plum, cinnamon, and clove.

6. Mandilaria (Μαντηλαριά)Widely grown in the Aegean islands, particularly Rhodes and Crete, Mandilaria is known for its deep colour and high tannins. It is usually blended with softer grapes like Kotsifali or Syrah, producing wines of structure and longevity.

“Experience these distinctive Aegean wines on a Rhodes Wine Tasting, where the island’s sunshine and volcanic soils create wines full of depth and character.”

7. Limnio (Λημνιό)One of the oldest recorded grape varieties in the world, mentioned by Aristotle and Hesiod. Native to the island of Lemnos but now cultivated across Greece, Limnio produces medium-bodied wines with red berry, herbal, and earthy notes. It is often blended with Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot in northern Greece.

8. Avgoustiatis (Αυγουστιάτης)A rare grape from the Ionian islands and western Peloponnese, its name comes from the word August, when it ripens early. It yields elegant, medium-bodied reds with aromas of blackberry, pepper, and violets.

9. Mavrotragano (Μαυροτράγανο)Once nearly extinct, this Santorini variety is now making a comeback. Low-yielding and highly concentrated, Mavrotragano creates intense, tannic wines with black fruit, dried herbs, and smoky minerality, reflecting the island’s volcanic soil.

10. Vlahiko (Βλάχικο)Grown mainly in Epirus in northwestern Greece, Vlahiko produces light reds with delicate tannins and bright acidity.

The Diversity of Greek Reds

Greek red wines offer something for every palate. From the structured and long-lived Xinomavro to the fruit-forward Agiorgitiko, from the spicy Kotsifali to the rare and volcanic Mavrotragano, each variety tells the story of its region. Greece’s reds not only pair beautifully with Mediterranean cuisine but also compete confidently on the world stage, offering both exceptional quality and a unique sense of place

The Sweet White Wines of Greece

Greece has a long and celebrated tradition of producing sweet white wines, many of which date back to antiquity. These wines, often made from sun-dried grapes, reflect the country’s sun-soaked climate and winemaking ingenuity. Greek sweet whites are known for their balance of luscious sweetness, refreshing acidity, and aromatic intensity, making them prized both as dessert wines and as contemplative sippers. Here are some of the most distinguished styles and grape varieties:

1. Vinsanto (Santorini)Perhaps the most famous Greek sweet wine, Vinsanto is crafted from sun-dried Assyrtiko, Aidani, and sometimes Athiri grapes. Its name means “wine of Santorini” (vin-santo). The wine is amber to mahogany in colour, with concentrated flavours of dried apricot, fig, caramel, honey, and coffee. Its high acidity from Assyrtiko balances the intense sweetness, making it both rich and elegant. Vinsanto has exceptional ageing potential, developing complex notes of spice, toffee, and roasted nuts over decades.

2. Muscat of SamosThe island of Samos is renowned for its Muscat-based sweet wines, particularly the Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains variety. Produced in both fortified and naturally sweet styles, these wines are intensely aromatic, with notes of orange blossom, rose, apricot, and tropical fruit. The Vin Doux style, fortified with grape spirit, is the most famous, while Nectar (from sun-dried grapes) offers incredible depth and richness.

3. Muscat of PatrasIn the Peloponnese, Patras produces exquisite sweet wines from Muscat grapes. They are typically golden and aromatic, with citrus peel, honey, and floral notes. Patras Muscats can be both naturally sweet or fortified, and they often strike a balance between freshness and richness.

4. Muscat of LimnosOn the island of Limnos, Muscat flourishes in volcanic soils, producing aromatic, sweet wines with floral and fruity intensity. Known for their balance, these wines combine fragrant notes of peach, rose, and melon with a refreshing acidity that prevents cloying sweetness.

5. Malagousia (Late Harvest & Sweet Styles)Though often vinified dry, Malagousia is sometimes made into late-harvest or sweet styles. These wines highlight exotic fruit, citrus, and honey, with a lush texture balanced by crisp acidity. They showcase the versatility of this once-forgotten grape. The revival of Malagousia is largely credited to the pioneering work of a specific winery, which played a key role in cultivating and bringing this grape variety back from near extinction.

“Visitors to the Cyclades can sample Athiri and Assyrtiko blends through curated Mykonos Wine Tours — a refreshing way to explore the island’s unique terroir and flavors.”

6. Monemvasia – Malvasia WineMonemvasia in the Peloponnese is reviving the historic Malvasia sweet wine, famed during the Middle Ages and exported across Europe. Using sun-dried grapes, Malvasia wines are amber-coloured and rich, with flavours of raisins, candied orange, honey, and spice.

---

Why Sweet White Wines of Greece Stand Out

• Ancient tradition: Many of these wines trace their roots back thousands of years, linking modern winemaking to classical heritage.
• Unique methods: Sun-drying grapes, volcanic terroirs, and high-acid indigenous varieties give Greek sweet wines a distinctive edge.
• Balance: Unlike many dessert wines worldwide, Greek sweet whites retain refreshing acidity, making them lively rather than heavy.
• Pairings: They complement desserts like baklava and galaktoboureko, cheeses such as graviera or blue cheese, and even savoury dishes like foie gras.

From the amber depths of Santorini’s Vinsanto to the floral exuberance of Samos Muscat, Greek sweet white wines embody both history and craftsmanship. They are treasures that reward patient ageing and offer a taste of Greece’s sunlit soul in every sip.

The Sweet Red Wines of Greece

While Greece is widely known for its dry white and red wines, it also boasts a remarkable tradition of sweet red wines that date back centuries. These wines often originate from sun-dried grapes or are made in fortified styles, capturing the warmth of the Mediterranean climate in concentrated, velvety expressions. From historic classics to revived rarities, sweet red wines occupy a special place in the Greek wine landscape.

1. Mavrodaphne of Patras
Perhaps the most iconic Greek sweet red wine, Mavrodaphne (meaning “black laurel”) originates from the Peloponnese, particularly around Patras. Traditionally fortified, it is produced by arresting fermentation with grape spirit, preserving natural sugars. The result is a dark, luscious wine with notes of dried plum, fig, raisin, chocolate, coffee, and spice. Aged versions (Mavrodaphne Reserve or Grand Reserve) develop complexity with hints of caramel, tobacco, and roasted nuts.

2. Mavrodaphne of Kefalonia
On the Ionian island of Kefalonia, Mavrodaphne takes on a different character. Though less well-known internationally, these wines are often more delicate, with lifted aromas of red berries, violets, and herbs, alongside the grape’s signature richness. Both fortified and naturally sweet styles are made here.

3. Muscat-Based Sweet Reds
While Muscat is usually associated with white wines, some regions blend it with red grapes to craft lightly sweet, aromatic reds. On islands like Limnos or Rhodes, these wines may be produced in semi-sweet styles, offering bright fruit and floral aromas alongside a touch of sweetness.

4. Sweet Reds from Mandilaria
Mandilaria, a deeply coloured and tannic Aegean grape, is sometimes made into semi-sweet or sweet styles, especially in Rhodes. These wines balance firm structure with ripe, jammy fruit, offering notes of cherry preserve, pomegranate, and spice.

5. Historic Malvasia Red Blends
The legendary Malvasia wines of Monemvasia were once produced in both white and red versions during the Middle Ages. Today, some wineries are reviving the tradition with sun-dried red blends that echo the past, delivering concentrated raisin, fig, and spiced fruitcake flavours.

---

The Character of Greek Sweet Reds

• Production methods: Typically produced either by sun-drying grapes (to concentrate sugars) or through fortification.
• Flavor profile: Rich, velvety, and layered, with flavors ranging from dried fruits and nuts to cocoa, coffee, and caramel.
• Ageing potential: Many Greek sweet reds improve dramatically with age, developing oxidative complexity similar to Madeira or Tawny Port.
• Pairings: Ideal with chocolate desserts, dried fruit cakes, blue cheese, or enjoyed on their own as a digestif.

---

Why they’re Special

Greek sweet red wines, especially Mavrodaphne, carry both history and distinct identity. They are not mere imitations of Port or Madeira but expressions of Greece’s own terroir and traditions. Whether enjoyed young for their fruity richness or matured for their deep, oxidative layers, they offer a luxurious and authentic taste of Greek winemaking heritage.

7. The Modern Greek Wine Scene
Today, Greek winemakers combine tradition with innovation. Small family-owned wineries experiment with natural winemaking, organic practices, and international varieties, while still preserving indigenous grapes. The result is a vibrant wine culture that is attracting global recognition.

---

Wine and Food Pairing

Greek wine is inseparable from the country’s celebrated cuisine, offering a world of pairing possibilities that elevate any meal. The robust red wines of Nemea, with their rich and elegant character, are perfect alongside hearty dishes like roasted lamb, game, or tomato-based stews. In contrast, the crisp white wines of northern Greece shine with seafood, grilled fish, or fresh salads, their lively acidity and citrus flavors enhancing the natural flavors of the food.

For those with a sweet tooth, Greek wines offer a delightful range of dessert options, from the aromatic Muscat to the iconic Retsina, each bringing its own unique style to the table. These sweet wines are ideal with traditional Greek pastries or as a refreshing apéritif. With such a diverse range of flavors and styles, Greek wine is a versatile companion to any dish, making it a favorite among food lovers and wine enthusiasts alike.

Wine Tasting

Tasting Greek wine is a journey through a landscape of distinctive flavors and aromas. In red wines, look for characteristic notes of cherry, spice, and sometimes a touch of cinnamon or soft earthiness, all balanced by a rich, fruity palate. White wines often delight with crisp acidity and flavors of apple, pear, melon, and citrus, creating a refreshing and lively experience. The best Greek wines achieve harmony between acidity and tannins, resulting in a palate that is both vibrant and smooth.

As you explore the world of Greek wine, take time to verify the authenticity and quality of each bottle, ensuring you experience the true character of Greece’s winemaking tradition. Whether you’re savoring a full-bodied red or a crisp, aromatic white, Greek wine offers a unique blend of tradition and innovation that is sure to captivate even the most discerning palate. With every sip, you’ll discover why Greek wine continues to enchant wine lovers around the world.

Why Explore Greek Wine?

Greek wines are not just beverages—they are the expressions of the gastronomic culture, history, and tradition. Each glass tells the story of ancient soils, resilient vines, and a culture that has celebrated wine for millennia. Whether you’re discovering Assyrtiko by the Aegean, sipping a bold Xinomavro in the north, or enjoying a chilled glass of retsina with meze, Greek wine invites you on a journey through one of the world’s oldest yet most exciting wine landscapes.From the volcanic vineyards of Santorini to the fertile slopes of Nemea, the islands of Crete and Rhodes to Mykonos, Naxos, Paros, and Kefalonia as well as the East suburbs of Athens every region offers a story in every glass — and a reason to raise yours.